Essay on Vibrio cholerae, the Human Immune System, and...

Vibrio cholerae, the Human Immune System, and Vaccines Cholera remains a drastically severe disease, killing hundreds of people each outbreak. When ingested, it attaches to the mucosal lining of the intestines and disrupts the normal flow of ions so that there is more sodium, chloride, and water in the intestinal lumen than normal and results in massive diarrhea. Cholera has made a global impact and been endemic in almost all parts of the world. Cholera control strongly emphasizes sanitation, clean drinking water, isolation, and careful food preparation. Two ways our body works against cholera as a self-limiting disease are sloughing cells and the secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) antibody produced by mucus throughout our body. There are†¦show more content†¦Although the mucosa itself does not appear to be damaged by CT, the net flow of Na+ into tissue is decreased and the net flow of Cl- and water out of tissue is increased so as a result, there is more Na+, Cl-, and water in the lumen than there should be. This leads to massive diarrhea and great electrolyte imbalance. A patient with severe cholera can lose up to 20L of water a day (Salyers A., Abigail, 141). At times, diarrhea becomes so dilute it is almost clear, containing flecks of mucus that it is called rice water stool because of its watery consistency (Salyers A., Abigail, 142). This rapid rate of water loss and dehydration is tremendously fatal. At its most extreme, symptoms emerge in 3-4 hours, previously healthy patients can die within 6-8 hours of infection, and more commonly go into shock 6-12 hours after infection and die within 18 hours (Weekly Epidemiological Record, 6). Cholera’s level of severity is very life threatening and remains a big problem even in our world today. Almost 100 countries worldwide are still affected by cholera and it’s virtually impossible to completely prevent an outbreak. If left alone, this rapidly infectious disease can cause many fatalities. However, improved methods for surveillance, diagnosis, an d treatment, paired with higher standards of sanitation and personalShow MoreRelatedVibrio cholerae1286 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Microbiology Pathogen paper Vibrio cholera Nazarbayev University Taxonomy and Morphology Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium which is causative agent for the diarrheal disease cholera. Vibrio cholerae is a member of the Vibrionaceae family, which is a facultative anaerobic and is capable of respiratory and fermentative metabolism. It does not form spores and its motility is due to the single polar flagellum. Vibrios are highly halophylic and are very sensitiveRead MoreHow do bacteria affect human lives926 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿How do bacteria affect human lives? Bacteria interact and are a constant in our day to day lives, perhaps more than suspected. Bacteria are often thought of as bad, however this is untrue, there is also many types of ‘good’ bacteria. ‘Good’ bacteria can benefit us by simply helping our digestive system work and helping us in the process of fermentation. Bacteria are extremely helpful in the production of many things such as fuel and medicine. But bacteria directly affect our production ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Stress On The People Of Haiti Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease such as cholera bacteria inflicting diarrhea. These infections are easily spread through contaminated water. Emotional stress which has a great impact on the physical as well as the mental health of the population quickly degraded the body immune system. Inadequate quantities and qualities of water to sustain health and personal hygiene, poor environmental sanitation and insufficient shelter are all factors that made cholera more potent. An infectious disease like cholera thrives best in a malnutritionRead MoreDisease is worldwide. Some, unfortunately, may continue to be a problem for decades or centuries to1500 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease that continues to disrupt parts of the world. Cholera is death by diarrhea (Symington, 2011). It is a poten tially severe disease that affects the digestive system, leading to extreme dehydration with the possibility of death within hours (Symington, 2011). The culprit responsible for this particular plague is the bacteria Vibrios cholerae (Kraft, 2010). Symptoms of cholera have been traced as far back as ancient Greek times and Sanskrit writings (Pukatzki Provenzano, 2013). Between 1817 andRead MoreCholera Is A Contagious Infection1808 Words   |  8 Pagesof inappropriate treatment modules. If the persons with severe symptoms tend to be treated appropriately, less than 1% of them would die from it. Vibrio Cholerae is the primary agent responsible for Cholera infection. An individual may be infected with the disease if he/she ingests food or water that is contaminated with the bacterium. Vibrio Cholerae has both the host and environmental stages for its life cycle. Looking at the organism’s structure, it is serologically differentiated into the O antigenRead MoreEscherichia Coli : A Type Of Intestinal Sickness1478 Words   |  6 Pagescreated by Vibrio cholerae. ETEC is endemic in numerous creating nations, including Mexico and Bangladesh, and is regularly experienced by travelers, individuals from the military, or different visitors travelling around. Due to poor surveillance, mortality because of ETEC is hard to gauge, yet there are accepted to be no less than 400,000 ETEC-related deaths in children less than 5 years old every year, with incalculable others likely grouped just as death because of diarrhea. Human ETEC strainsRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Vibrio Cholera1961 W ords   |  8 PagesVibrio cholera is a gram negative rod shaped bacteria which colonises the human gut causing acute diarrheal disease and leads to frequent epidemics around the world. In 2014 190, 549 cholera cases were reported to the World Health Organisation (Global Health Observatory Data 2014) , however the true number is likely to be far higher as there are many greatly affected locations which have poor or nonexistent data. Vibrio cholera is currently treated by the use of oral antibiotics coupled with rehydrationRead MoreEssay Cholera Disease Research Report2225 Words   |  9 PagesKarla Obasi HEA 341 Disease Research Report December 9, 2010 CHOLERA Disease Defined Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. Cholera is a bacterial disease (caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae) usually spread through contaminated water. The bacteria, which are found in fecal-contaminated food and water and in raw or undercooked seafood, produce a toxin that affects the intestines causing diarrhea, vomiting, and severe fluid and electrolyteRead More Guillain-Barre Syndrome Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesOf the individuals that contracted GBS following vaccinations, the swine flu vaccine of 1976-77 had the highest correlation rate. On a lesser note, five cases of GBS werereported following vaccinations with Haemophilus influenzas type b diphtheria toxoid-conjugate. Since 14 million doses of the vaccine have been distributed since June 1990, the incidence remains marginal. Experimental evidence linking GBS in humans with allergic neuritis in animals has attempted to show an immunologic basisRead MoreThe Health Issues That Are Still Affecting India Today2020 Words   |  9 PagesCholera is water borne and a communicable disease it is also preventable. This disease can cause people to have severe diarrhoea which the body then loses a mass amount of fluids, people then become exceedingly dehydrated which can lead to death. Vibrio cholera or V. Cholera is the bacteria found in Cholera infecting the intestines and causing diarrhoea (Cholera and the Thames, 2014). In 2014, The World Health Organisation (WHO) updated their fact sheet with key facts about Cholera. It was estimated

The Souls Of Black Folk - 1141 Words

When defining oneself race tends to stick out in the forefront of our minds. Race tends to separate one person from the next. The term race refers to people who have differences in biological traits that society feels are socially significant. Society’s emphasis on race has caused a seemingly unamendable division. People treat people differently because of their skin color. A person’s behaviors, actions and skin colors have been attributed to race. Skin color is the main factor when it comes to race. Ethnicity comes into play when people are being classified by nationality. Race is simply black or white, or simply light or dark, which plays into internalized or reverse racism. Personally I believe that African Americans struggle with race more than any other ethnicity because they struggle with both internal and external racism. W.E.B. Dubois as well as Glenn Loury spoke about the African American struggle in their works. W.E.B. DuBois wrote The Souls of Black Folk. In this work DuBois talks about life behind the shadow of race. In The Souls of Black Folk, DuBois makes several points about how as African Americans race is always at the forefront of our minds. It plays a role in everything we do as well as sometimes what we are able to achieve. He talks about how Blacks struggle with â€Å"double consciousness† which he also refers to as â€Å"twoness†. DuBois defines double consciousness as the, â€Å" †¦sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’sShow MoreRelatedThe Souls Of Black Folk1466 Words   |  6 Pagestitled The Souls of Black Folk in 1903 as a response to the condition of black people in America. The book predates the 1920s Harlem Renaissance, but can be viewed as a precursor to the New Negro Movement. Prior to 1903, blacks lived primarily in the South, but by the 1920s the black population in New York City rose by 115 percent. The movement of blacks from the South to the North occurred for various reasons; discontent with life in the Jim Crow South, widespread violence against blacks and theRead MoreThe Souls Of Black Folk938 Words   |  4 Pages The reading that I found most compelling to me was W.E.B DuBois excerpt titled â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk†. I find this reading compelling because DuBois was a huge advocate on togetherness and that people were being treated equal. During time that this reading was created, there were many obstacles African Americans were facing in that era that was not so promising for a bright future. The struggles they faced were, racial biasness, lack of representation and lack of educational attainment. DuBoisRead MoreThe Souls Of Black Folk1236 Words   |  5 Pagesmind. Du Bois argues in his book The Souls of Black Folk, that the gap between being black and American is far too wide. This is not an unjustified view especially in his time period, where laws were set in place purposely to prevent equality of the freedman. But even today, where those laws are no longer in place, a non-white American is too ethnic to be American and is simultaneously too American to be ethnic. Du Bois en tertains the idea of a Negro being both black and American but unfortunately hisRead MoreThe Souls of Black Folk1595 Words   |  7 Pagesthe text of The Souls of Black Folk embodies Du Bois experience of duality as well as his peoples. In Du Bois Forethought to his essay collection, The Souls of Black Folk, he entreats the reader to receive his book in an attempt to understand the world of African Americans—in effect the souls of black folk. Implicit in this appeal is the assumption that the author is capable of representing an entire people. This presumption comes out of Du Bois own dual nature as a black man who has livedRead MoreThe Souls Of Black Folk1048 Words   |  5 Pages The Souls of Black Folk is Written by W.E.B Du Bois and was published in 1903. This book is a collection of essays put together in a single book. Each essay is not the same, but revolve around the central idea of â€Å"the veil†. Another thought it revolves around is about segregation, and the lives of an average African American. The setting of this book takes place in the 19 20th century of the United States of America. Let me begin by explaining W.E.B Du Bois’s thinking of â€Å"the veil†. The veilRead MoreThe Souls Of Black Folk780 Words   |  4 PagesAfrica, in America and the islands of the sea† (W.E.B DuBois). This is part of the theme in the novel The Souls of Black Folk, which is based on an actual story/ autobiography of an African American leader, W.E.B DuBois. The narrator DuBois writes about race relations in the United Sates distributing the color-line. The color-line is the fundamental issue of racial conflict between the blacks and whites. It deals with the inequality and disparity of living in America as an African American. W.E.BRead MoreThe Souls Of Black Folks958 Words   |  4 PagesThe Souls of Black Folks â€Å"The Songs† The Songs sited in each chapter of this book was put together to deliberately guide the reader’s cerebration process in scrutinizing the context to identify with DuBois of how these events described effected Black people during this era in our history. Each example was directly associated with the subsequent chapter and solidified the arguments from DuBois’ perspective. It was translucently clear that the deliberate specimens of the song segments and the essaysRead MoreThe Souls Of Black Folk864 Words   |  4 Pagesabout a veil. However, the Merriam-Webster Dictionary offers another definition: â€Å"something that covers or hides something else.† I believe that this definition is more closely related to the veil that W.E.B. DuBois discusses in this book, â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk.† The first time Dubois brings up the idea of a veil, it is when he is describing an experience from his past that made him feel as though he was different from other pe ople. He uses the idea of a veil to emphasize separation he felt from theRead MoreThe Souls Of Black Folks1486 Words   |  6 Pagescertain knowledge, and we have people in our lives who fit into our unaware identity with us. Then, we have our aware life in which we know about the unsuspecting self and can look at things in a more critical way. Double-Consciousness In the Souls of Black Folks, DuBois writes about a ‘double consciousness . This term suggests African Americans perceive the world through two competing lenses. The first lens views the self as pushing forward from the social position of a marginalized other. TheRead MoreThe Black Music : The Soul Of Black Folk1855 Words   |  8 Pagespopular culture was created or directly influenced by Black music. Through the history of Black musical forms, each style represented a reality of the Black community, whether regionally or based on the time period and politics. Before enslaved Africans had the education to write their stories, they were told orally, often set to music. Highlighting the genius of a people, when there were ideas and stories that were adverse to those in power, Black people were able to hide their true messages in a

Nitrogen and Overall Cell Reaction Free Essays

Candidate session number 0 0 Examination code 8 8 1 1 – 6 1 0 5 Write your session number in the boxes above. Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Section A: answer all questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Nitrogen and Overall Cell Reaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Section B: answer one question. Write your answers in the boxes provided. 19 pages  © International Baccalaureate Organization 2011 0120 –2– SECTION A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided. 1. N11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX Airbags are an important safety feature in vehicles. Sodium azide, potassium nitrate and silicondioxidehavebeenusedinonedesignofairbag. [Source:www. hilalairbag. net] Sodium azide, a toxic compound, undergoes the following decomposition reaction under certainconditions. 2NaN 3 (s) 2Na (s) + 3N 2 (g) Twostudentslookedatdatainasimulatedcomputer- asedexperimenttodeterminethevolume ofnitrogengeneratedinanairbag. (a) Sodium azide involves ionic bonding, and metallic bonding is present in sodium. Describeionicandmetallicbonding. How to cite Nitrogen and Overall Cell Reaction, Papers